Nephrol Dial Transplant (2003) 18: 2039-2046
© 2003 European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association
Original Article
Prognosis in proliferative lupus nephritis: the role of socio-economic status and race/ethnicity
1Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, 4Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and 6Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, 2General Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 3Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 5Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and 7Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
Correspondence and offprint requests to: Jai Radhakrishnan, MD, PH-4124, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA. Email: jr55{at}columbia.edu
Background. Studies of proliferative lupus nephritis (PLN) suggest that African-Americans have a poorer prognosis than Whites. However, no study has simultaneously examined socio-economic status. We studied rates of progression of PLN among a tri-ethnic population with respect to socio-economic status and race/ethnicity.
Methods. A retrospective cohort study was carried out using individual and census-based neighbourhood data. Consecutive patients in urban tertiary care centres with biopsy-proven PLN were studied. The main outcome was time to doubling of serum creatinine.
Results. Among 128 patients with PLN, the percentage of patients who did not double their serum creatinine at 5 years was 67.0% (±4.8%) and at 10 years was 58.9% (±5.7%). In bivariate analyses, residence in a poor neighbourhood was positively associated with progression (P = 0.03), as was African-American and Hispanic race/ethnicity (P = 0.01). Residence in a poor neighbourhood remained associated with progression of disease after adjustment for age, sex, creatinine, hypertension, cyclophosphamide treatment and race/ethnicity [relative risk (RR) 3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–11, P = 0.03]. After adjustment for poverty and insurance, the RR for African-American race/ethnicity was reduced from 3.5 to 2.7 and was not statistically associated with progression of disease in the full model (P = 0.10). A similar reduction in RR from 5.5 to 3.6 was seen for Hispanic race/ethnicity, but this retained statistical significance (P = 0.03).
Conclusions. Poverty is an important risk factor for progression of PLN, independent of race/ethnicity. Hispanics have an elevated risk similar to or greater than African-Americans. Given these findings, some of the poorer prognosis of African-American patients with PLN may result from socio-economic rather than biological or genetic factors.
Keywords: poverty; prognosis; proliferative lupus nephritis; race/ethnicity; socio-economic status; systemic lupus erythematosus
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